ÖZET
Şiddetli akut solunum sendromu koronavirüs (SARS-CoV), Orta Doğu solunum sendromu-CoV (MERS-CoV) ve en son SARS-CoV- 2 olmak üzere CoV’ler son üç epidemi/pandeminin nedeni olan ajanlardır. Fakat, henüz bu üç CoV’ye karşı spesifik bir tedavi edici ajan mevcut değildir. Doğal ürünler, çeşitli hastalıklara karşı ilaç keşfi ve geliştirilmesi sürecinde her zaman önemli bir rol oynadıkları için şu anda dünyada pek çok grup virüsler ve özellikle koronavirüslere karşı doğal veya doğal orijinli ilaç etkin maddesi bulmak için çalışmaktadır. Bitkilerin sekonder metabolitleri, özellikle alkaloidler ve terpenoidler güçlü antimikrobiyal ve antikanser aktiviteler göstermektedirler, tabii ki sentetik ve diğer doğal ilaçların yanısıra (nukleozidler, nükleotidler ve bakteriyel ve mantar orijinli bileşikler). 1800’lerden itibaren morfin, kodein, kokain ve kinin gibi ilk izole edilmiş bileşikler ve 21. yy’da vinblastin, vinkristin, taksol gibi ilaca dönüşmüş bileşiklerin hepsi alkaloid yapısına sahiptir. Bu derleme, koronavirüslere karşı umut verici bazı sonuçlar göstermiş olan alkaloidleri içeren son 20 yıldaki yayınları kapsamaktadır. Deniz organizmaları yeni aday ilaçları keşfetmek için zengin bir kaynak oluşturmasına rağmen bu derlemede hariç tutulmuşlardır.
References
1
Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Huang Y, Yuen KY. Coronavirus diversity, phylogeny and ınterspecies jumping. Exper Biol Med 2009;234:1117-27.
2
Chan JFW, Li KSM, To KKW, Cheng VCC, Chen HL, Yuen KY. Is the discovery of the novel human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 (HCoV-EMC) the beginning of another SARS-like pandemic? J Infect 2012;65:477-89.
3
Chan JFW, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. The emerging novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: The “knowns” and “unknowns”. J Formos Med Assoc 2013;112:372-81.
4
Zumla A, Chan JFW, Azhar EI, Hui DSC, Yuen KY. Coronaviruses - drug discovery and therapeutic options. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15:327-47.
5
Li F. Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins. Annu Rev Virol 2016;3:237-61.
6
Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clin Immunol 2020;215:108427.
7
Neuman BW, Kiss G, Kunding AH, Bhella D, Baksh MF, Connelly S, et al. A structural analysis of M protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology. J Struct Biol 2011;174:11-22.
8
Chan JFW, To KKW, Tse H, Jin DY, Yuen KY. Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds. Trends Microbiol 2013;21:544-55.
9
Chan JFW, To KKW, Chen HL, Yuen KY. Cross-species transmission and emergence of novel viruses from birds. Curr Opin Virol 2015;10:63-9.
10
Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Lam CSF, Lau CCY, Tsang AKL, Lau JHN, et al. Discovery of Seven Novel Mammalian and Avian Coronaviruses in the Genus Deltacoronavirus Supports Bat Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus and Avian Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. J Virol 2012;86:3995-4008
11
Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Li KSM, Tsang AKL, Fan RYY, Luk HKH, et al. Discovery of a Novel Coronavirus, China Rattus Coronavirus HKU24, from Norway Rats Supports the Murine Origin of Betacoronavirus 1 and Has Implications for the Ancestor of Betacoronavirus Lineage A. J Virol 2015;89:3076-92.
12
Yi Y, Lagniton PNP, Ye S, Li EQ, Xu RH. COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci 2020;16:1753-66.
13
Sun PF, Lu XH, Xu C, Wang YJ, Sun WJ, Xi JN. CD-sACE-2 inclusion compounds: An effective treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Med Virol 2020. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25804.
14
Zhang T, Wu QF, Zhang ZG. Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak (vol 30, 1346.e1, 2020). Curr Biol 2020;30:1346-51.e2.
15
de Wilde AH, Jochmans D, Posthuma CC, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, van Nieuwkoop S, Bestebroer TM, et al. Screening of an FDA-Approved Compound Library Identifies Four Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in Cell Culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:4875-84.
16
Barnard DL, Kumaki Y. Recent developments in anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus chemotherapy. Future Virol 2011;6:615-31.
17
Kilianski A, Baker SC. Cell-based antiviral screening against coronaviruses: Developing virus-specific and broad-spectrum inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2014;101:105-12.
18
Gyebi GA, Ogunro OB, Adegunloye AP, Ogunyemi OM, Afolabi SO. Potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL(pro)): an in silico screening of alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020;1-13
19
Boopathi S, Poma AB, Kolandaivel P. Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020;1-10.
20
Muralidharan N, Sakthivel R, Velmurugan D, Gromiha MM. Computational studies of drug repurposing and synergism of lopinavir, oseltamivir and ritonavir binding with SARS-CoV-2 protease against COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020;1-6.
21
Khan RJ, Jha RK, Amera GM, Jain M, Singh E, Pathak A, et al. Targeting SARS-CoV-2: a systematic drug repurposing approach to identify promising inhibitors against 3C-like proteinase and 2 ‘-O-ribose methyltransferase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020;1-14.
22
Islam MT, Sarkar C, El-Kersh DM, Jamaddar S, Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, et al. Natural products and their derivatives against coronavirus: A review of the non-clinical and pre-clinical data. Phytother Res 2020;34:2471-92.
23
Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V, Hayashi Y, Jung SH. an overview of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3CL protease ınhibitors: peptidomimetics and small molecule chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2016;59:6595-628.
24
Aanouz I, Belhassan A, El-Khatabi K, Lakhlifi T, El-Idrissi M, Bouachrine M. Moroccan Medicinal plants as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease: Computational investigations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020;1-9.
25
Elfiky AA, Azzam EB. Novel guanosine derivatives against MERS CoV polymerase: An in silico perspective. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020:1-9.
26
Pant S, Singh M, Ravichandiran V, Murty USN, Srivastava HK. Peptide-like and small-molecule inhibitors against COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020;1-10.
27
Elmezayen AD, Al-Obaidi A, Sahin AT, Yelekci K. Drug repurposing for coronavirus (COVID-19): in silico screening of known drugs against coronavirus 3CL hydrolase and protease enzymes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020:1-13.
28
Mani JS, Johnson JB, Steel JC, Broszczak DA, Neilsen PM, Walsh KB, et al. Natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against coronaviruses: A review. Virus Res 2020;284:197989.
29
Gupta MK, Vemula S, Donde R, Gouda G, Behera L, Vadde R. In-silico approaches to detect inhibitors of the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein ion channel. Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics 2020:1-11.
30
Khan SA, Zia K, Ashraf S, Uddin R, Ul-Haq Z. Identification of chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 via integrated computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020;1-10
31
Sarma P, Shekhar N, Prajapat M, Avti P, Kaur H, Kumar S, et al. In-silico homology assisted identification of inhibitor of RNA binding against 2019-nCoV N-protein (N terminal domain). J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020:1-9.
32
Chen YW, Yiu CB, Wong KY. Prediction of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) 3C-like protease (3CL (pro)) structure: virtual screening reveals velpatasvir, ledipasvir, and other drug repurposing candidates. F1000Res 2020;9:129.
33
Vijayan P, Raghu C, Ashok G, Dhanaraj SA, Suresh B. Antiviral activity of medicinal plants of Nilgiris. Indian J Med Res 2004;120:24-9.
34
Lin CW, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Lai CC, Wan L, Ho TY, et al. Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds. Antiviral Res 2005;68:36-42.
35
Akram M, Tahir IM, Shah SMA, Mahmood Z, Altaf A, Ahmad K, et al. Antiviral potential of medicinal plants against HIV, HSV, influenza, hepatitis, and coxsackievirus: A systematic review. Phytother Res 2018;32:811-22.
36
Oliveira A, Teixeira RR, de Oliveira AS, de Souza APM, da Silva ML, de Paula SO. Potential antivirals: natural products targeting replication enzymes of dengue and chikungunya viruses. Molecules 2017;22:505.
37
Chang SJ, Chang YC, Lu KZ, Tsou YY, Lin CW. Antiviral activity of ısatis indigotica extract and ıts derived ındirubin against japanese encephalitis virus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012;2012:925830.
38
Li SY, Chen C, Zhang HQ, Guo HY, Wang H, Wang L, et al. Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus. Antiviral Res 2005;67:18-23.
39
Shen L, Niu JW, Wang CH, Huang BY, Wang WL, Zhu N, et al. High-throughput screening and ıdentification of potent broad-spectrum ınhibitors of coronaviruses. J Virol 2019;93:e00023-19.
40
Zhang CH, Wang YF, Liu XJ, Lu JH, Qian CW, Wan ZY, et al. Antiviral activity of cepharanthine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in vitro. Chinese Med J 2005;118:493-6.
41
Kim DE, Min JS, Jang MS, Lee JY, Shin YS, Park CM, et al. Natural Bis-Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids-Tetrandrine, Fangchinoline, and Cepharanthine, Inhibit Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection of MRC-5 Human Lung Cells. Biomolecules 2019;9:696.
42
Nawawi A, Nakamura N, Meselhy MR, Hattori M, Kurokawa M, Shiraki K, et al. In vivo antiviral activity of Stephania cepharantha against herpes simplex virus Type-1. Phytother Res 2001;15:497-500.
43
Yang CW, Lee YZ, Kang IJ, Barnard DL, Jan JT, Lin D, et al. Identification of phenanthroindolizines and phenanthroquinolizidines as novel potent anti-coronaviral agents for porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus and human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Antiviral Res 2010;88:160-8.
44
Bleasel MD, Peterson GM. Emetine, Ipecac, Ipecac Alkaloids and Analogues as Potential Antiviral Agents for Coronaviruses. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020;13:51.
45
Liu Q, Xia S, Sun Z, Wang Q, Du L, Lu L, et al. Testing of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication inhibitors for the ability to block viral entry. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015;59:742-4.
