ÖZET
Besin proteinlerine ters bir immün yanıt olarak tanımlanan besin alerjisi, yapılan çalışmaların sonucunda çocuklarda giderek arttığı görülmektedir. Çocukların %6’sını ve yetişkinlerin %3- 4’ünü etkilemektedir. Anne sütünün çocuklarda alerji gelişimini önlemesindeki rolü ise tartışmalıdır. Çocuklarda görülen besin kaynaklı alerjik reaksiyonlar gastrointestinal sistemi, solunum yollarını ve deriyi etkileyen birçok semptom ve bozukluklara yol açmaktadır. Bu semptomlar immünoglobulin (Ig)E aracılı ve IgE aracılı olmayan mekanizmalarla gerçekleşmektedir. Besin alerjisi tedavisinin temel taşı, besinlerin diyetten katı eliminasyon yöntemiyle çıkarılmasıdır. Genetik eğilim ile birlikte çevresel faktörler de oral toleransı ortadan kaldırarak besin alerjisi oluşmasına neden olabilmektedir. Hastalık sonuçları, bağışıklık sistemi ve tetikleyici alerjen özelliklerinden etkilenmektedir. Besin alerjilerine yol açan besinler az sayıda olup başlıcalarını süt, yumurta, yerfıstığı, fındık, balık ve kabuklu deniz ürünleri oluşturmaktadır. Bu derlemede besinlerde bulunan protein yapısındaki özel maddeler olan alerjenlerin çoğu hakkında immünolojik yanıtın patogenezi konusunda bilgi düzeyi yapılan çalışmalarla tartışılmıştır. Böylece, bu çalışma ile alerjenlere karşı yeni immünoterapötik yaklaşımların belirlenmesine ışık tutulacaktır.
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