ABSTRACT
Polyphenols which are produced by plants are very important functional foods in our nutrition. Because of their diverse chemical structures, they are subject to main classification among them. The main groups of polyphenols are; flavanoids, lignans, stilbenes and phenolic acids. At the present time, the health effects of them have been investigated in several in vivo and in vitro studies. In addition to their antioxidant effects, they are known to have a pro-oxidant character. Polyphenols have important effects in protecting the body against external factors and the cleansing of reactive oxygen species which occur as a consequence of some diseases. Furthermore, polyphenols have effects on protection from specific diseases and stop their progression with certain mechanisms. In this review, various effects of polyphenols including antioxidant, pro-oxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-diabetic are discussed which obtained from in vitro, in vivo experimental animal and clinical investigations.
Keywords:
Polyphenols, functional food, antioxidant, pro-oxidant, biological activities
Introduction
Plant-based foods in our diet consist of primary and secondary ingredients produced by plants. Plants synthesize secondary metabolites such as terpenes, saponins, glycosides and polyphenolic compounds that are not present in all living things as well as primary metabolites such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats in order to maintain their growth and liveliness (1). Most of the secondary metabolites are consisted of polyphenols. Polyphenols make up most of the components found in all vegetative organs, fruits and flowers. Plants produce polyphenols as secondary metabolites to protect themselves and interact with other plants. Also, polyphenols have an effect on the formation of bitter taste in plants.
Conclusion
Polyphenolic compounds, which are secondary metabolites produced by plants, are a large group of molecules of different chemical structure. In addition to the effects of polyphenols on many diseases such as anti-hypertensive, anti-microbial, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic effects in humans and animals; the most remarkable and well-they antioxidant effect prevents the formation of ROS when used in low doses and prevents many diseases such as cancer. However, high doses of certain polyphenols may have a pro-oxidant effect and cytotoxic and apoptotic effects especially on cancer cells. This situation also offers the option of polyphenols for the treatment of such disease.
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