Introduction
Infertility is defined as the absence of pregnancy despite regular sexual intercourse for at least 1 year without any contraceptive method (1). Infertility is not only a gynecological disorder but also a health problem that has negative biological, social, cultural, and psychological dimensions and can affect the couples’ quality of life (2). Pregnancy is considered a physiological event in the life of the woman and an important life event that requires serious biopsychosocial adaptation by the pregnant woman and her family. Many studies have defined the pregnancy period as a developmental crisis or a critical phase. While many women easily adapt to the physiological, psychological, and social changes caused by pregnancy, some may have psychological illnesses at mild, moderate, and severe levels. Especially, in women who conceived for the first time after infertility treatment, this process is described as a psychological risk, stressful, and expensive (3-5).
Studies have suggested that many women with infertility who conceived after chronic infertility treatment do not have the chance to renew their psychological resources that were consumed during the treatment process and have a more difficult experience with the pregnancy process and parenting roles and therefore need more support (6,7). Similar studies have reported that women who conceived for the first time following infertility treatment had a higher level of stress, had difficulty adapting to the pregnancy, and experienced lower psychological well-being than women who became pregnant spontaneously (8-11).
Considering that women who conceived after infertility treatment have attained their desired pregnancy, health workers may overlook or care less about the negative emotional situations of pregnant women. Some pregnant women may have difficulty recognizing the negative symptoms they have experienced. Others may be ashamed of expressing negative symptoms after their long struggle to having a baby, while some may disagree when they learn about symptoms of maladaptation, depression, anxiety, or stress. Although infertility treatment may result in pregnancy, women’s adaptation to pregnancy and their emotional states may be affected. Therefore, health professionals should evaluate the adaptation of women to pregnancy and examine their depression, anxiety, and stress situations. Some studies about adaptation to pregnancy have been performed in Turkey, but they do not include the three trimesters or comparative groups (7,12,13).
Subjects and Methods
This prospective, comparative, and descriptive study focused on women who presented to İstanbul University, İstanbul Medical Faculty Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department and conceived through assisted reproductive treatment (ART) and all women who presented to the antenatal polyclinic for pregnancy follow-up between June 2015 and June 2016. The study sample consists of women who participated in the study voluntarily and met the inclusion criteria. Of these women, 69 conceived through ART and 139 conceived spontaneously (Figure 1).
Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Medipol University Faculty of Medicine (approval no: 108400987-292, date: 11.05.2015).
Women aged >18 years who were in the first trimester of pregnancy, were not diagnosed with any psychiatric illness, had no symptoms indicative of fetal illnesses, do not have any literacy problem, did not have mental or communication disorder, volunteered to participate in the study, conceived for the first time through at least one of the ARTs (ART group), and conceived naturally without any treatment for the first time (spontaneous group) were included in this study.
Infertility is defined as the absence of pregnancy despite regular sexual intercourse for at least 1 year without any contraceptive method (1). Infertility is not only a gynecological disorder but also a health problem that has negative biological, social, cultural, and psychological dimensions and can affect the couples’ quality of life (2). Pregnancy is considered a physiological event in the life of the woman and an important life event that requires serious biopsychosocial adaptation by the pregnant woman and her family. Many studies have defined the pregnancy period as a developmental crisis or a critical phase. While many women easily adapt to the physiological, psychological, and social changes caused by pregnancy, some may have psychological illnesses at mild, moderate, and severe levels. Especially, in women who conceived for the first time after infertility treatment, this process is described as a psychological risk, stressful, and expensive (3-5).
Studies have suggested that many women with infertility who conceived after chronic infertility treatment do not have the chance to renew their psychological resources that were consumed during the treatment process and have a more difficult experience with the pregnancy process and parenting roles and therefore need more support (6,7). Similar studies have reported that women who conceived for the first time following infertility treatment had a higher level of stress, had difficulty adapting to the pregnancy, and experienced lower psychological well-being than women who became pregnant spontaneously (8-11).
Considering that women who conceived after infertility treatment have attained their desired pregnancy, health workers may overlook or care less about the negative emotional situations of pregnant women. Some pregnant women may have difficulty recognizing the negative symptoms they have experienced. Others may be ashamed of expressing negative symptoms after their long struggle to having a baby, while some may disagree when they learn about symptoms of maladaptation, depression, anxiety, or stress. Although infertility treatment may result in pregnancy, women’s adaptation to pregnancy and their emotional states may be affected. Therefore, health professionals should evaluate the adaptation of women to pregnancy and examine their depression, anxiety, and stress situations. Some studies about adaptation to pregnancy have been performed in Turkey, but they do not include the three trimesters or comparative groups (7,12,13).
Subjects and Methods
This prospective, comparative, and descriptive study focused on women who applied to İstanbul University, İstanbul Medical Faculty Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department and conceived through ART and all women who presented to the antenatal polyclinic for pregnancy follow-up between June 2015 and June 2016. The study sample consists of women who participated in the study voluntarily and complied with the research criteria. Of these women, 69 conceived through ART and 139 conceived spontaneously (Figure 1).
Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Medipol University Faculty of Medicine (approval no: 108400987-292, date: 11.05.2015).
Women aged >18 years who were in the first trimester of pregnancy, were not diagnosed with any psychiatric illness, had no symptoms indicative of fetal illnesses, do not have any literacy problem, did not have mental or communication disorder, volunteered to participate in the study, conceived for the first time through at least one of the ARTs (ART group), and conceived naturally without any treatment for the first time (spontaneous group) were included in this study.
Study flow diagram is presented in Figure 1.
Data Collection Tools
Data were collected using a sociodemographic Questionnaire/Personal Identification Form, Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire (PSEQ), and Depression, Anxiety, Stress scale (DASS).
The personal identification form was used to determine the descriptive characteristics of the women. PSEQ was used to evaluate their adaptation to pregnancy, and DASS was used to evaluate their depression, anxiety, and stress levels. The Personal Identification Form-2nd Trimester and Personal Identification Form-3rd Trimester were used to evaluate changes that may occur in the second and third trimesters, respectively.
The PSEQ was developed by Ledermanin 1979 to evaluate adaptation to motherhood in antenatal women and was adapted into Turkish by Beydağ and Mete (14). The PSEQ has a 4-point Likert scale with 79 items and seven subscales. The total scores range from 79 to 316 points. Lower scores indicate better adaptation to pregnancy, while higher scores mean poor adaptation (14).
The DASS was developed by Lovibond and Lovibond (15) to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress, and it was adapted into Turkish by Akın and Çetin (16). The DASS is a 42-item questionnaire that includes three (depression, anxiety, and stress) self-reporting scales. High scores from each dimension indicate a problem about the corresponding state (16).
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square, Independent samples t-test, and One-Way variance analysis were used in the analysis of data. The significance level was determined at a 95% confidence interval and p<0.05.
Results
The mean age of the participants (ART: 33.0±4.38 years; spontaneous: 28.76±4.52 years) and their partners’ mean age (ART: 35.94±5.01; spontaneous: 32.24±4.95) (p<0.001) were significantly higher in the ART group than in the spontaneous group. In terms of the gestational week, a significant difference was found in the spontaneous group (ART: 10.74±2.21; spontaneous: 11.4±1.57). No significant difference was found between the ART and spontaneous groups in the number of pregnancy (t=0.378), miscarriage (t=1.912), and abortion (t=0.020), (p>0.05). Data on the descriptive characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1.
In the first trimester, the average scores in the ART group were higher in the spontaneous group (p<0.05). Moreover, the adaptation of the spontaneous groups to pregnancy is better than that of the ART group in the first trimester (Table 2).
As shown in Table 3, an evaluation of the ART and spontaneous groups separately reveals that the depression levels of the ART group were not significantly different among the trimesters, while the depression levels of the spontaneous group appear higher during the first trimester than during the second trimester. Moreover, infertility duration, infertility treatment duration, number of ART trials, duration of desire to have children, pregnancy loss experience, and cause of infertility did not affect pregnancy adaptation in all trimesters.
Discussion
In this study, the participants were 19-46 years old, which corresponds to the expectation that women who conceived through ART have a significantly higher average age than women who are fertile and conceived spontaneously (ART: 33.0±4.38; spontaneous: 28.76±4.52). These results indicate the effect of age on infertility. It was also expected that the average age of partners of women who conceived through ART is significantly higher than those who conceived spontaneously. The guideline published by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG) stated that the fertility of women and men decreased with age, emphasizing that age was a major factor of infertility (17).
Studies have emphasized the importance of prenatal care, and arranging training during this period to increase physical and psychological adaptation of the pregnant woman is necessary (18). While 66.7% of the pregnant women in the ART group did not receive any information, 54.7% of the pregnant women of the spontaneous group were informed about pregnancy. The women in the spontaneous group were thought to be more open to education considering their younger age and higher education levels. Despite the older age and lower education levels of women who are not well informed in the ART group, we think that the intensive knowledge they have received during the ART process may be effective in increasing consciousness.
In the comparison of total PSEQ scores, the spontaneous group demonstrated better adaptation than did the ART group during the first trimester. Women who conceived with moral and material difficulties may find it difficult to believe the pregnancy, so they may find themselves having constant repetitive pregnancy tests, ultrasound imaging, and examinations (19). This finding will inevitably contribute to the literature.
In the evidence-based guideline published by the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), women who conceived through in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) were reported to have no worse depression symptoms compared with women who conceived spontaneously (level of evidence, A) and that no difference was found between the groups, or the symptoms of depression were lower for women who conceived after treatment (20). In this study, the ART group showed milder depressive symptoms than the spontaneous group. This situation was interpreted by Harf-Kashdaei and Kaitz (21) as “enjoying the success” achieved after a long struggle with ART. These results can also be explained by several factors such as the end of material and spiritual exhaustion, disappearance of social pressure, or end of a difficult treatment period.
Moreover, ESHRE (20) reported that anxiety levels of pregnant women after IVF/ICSI may be higher than that of women who conceived spontaneously (level of evidence, B). Related qualitative studies have also emphasized that miscarriage risk increases the anxiety levels in the first trimester of the women who conceived through ART, that their anxiety levels decreased when they felt the baby’s movements in the second trimester, that the fear of labor and thought of deficiencies in the baby increased the anxiety levels, and that the pregnant women experienced nightmares in the third trimester (13,19).
In the present study, the anxiety levels of the ART group are higher than those of the spontaneous group. This result is in line with the literature. In a comparative study, Baor and Soskolne (22) revealed that the ART group had higher stress levels than the spontaneous group. Similar results were also reported by Darwiche et al. (23) who compared pre-pregnancies before Down syndrome screening in the first trimester. Similarly, in the present study, the stress levels of the ART group were higher than those of the spontaneous group.
In this study, the participants were 19-46 years old, which corresponds to the expectation that women who conceived through ART have a significantly higher average age than women who are fertile and conceived spontaneously (ART: 33.0±4.38; spontaneous: 28.76±4.52). These results indicate the effect of age on infertility. It was also expected that the average age of partners of women who conceived through ART is significantly higher than those who conceived spontaneously. The guideline published by the ACOG stated that the fertility of women and men decreases with age, emphasizing that age is a major factor of infertility (17).
Studies have emphasized the importance of prenatal care, and arranging training during this period to increase physical and psychological adaptation of the pregnant woman is necessary (18). While 66.7% of the pregnant women in the ART group did not receive any information, 54.7% of the pregnant women of the spontaneous group were informed about pregnancy. The women in the spontaneous group were thought to be more open to education considering their younger age and higher education levels. Despite the older age and lower education levels of women who are not well informed in the ART group, we think that the intensive knowledge they have received during the ART process may be effective in increasing consciousness.
In the comparison of total PSEQ scores, the spontaneous group demonstrated better adaptation than did the ART group during the first trimester. Women who conceived with moral and material difficulties may find it difficult to believe the pregnancy, so they may find themselves having constant repetitive pregnancy tests, ultrasound imaging, and examinations (19). This finding will inevitably contribute to the literature.
In the evidence-based guideline published by ESHRE, women who conceived through IVF/ICSI were reported to have no worse depression symptoms compared with women who conceived spontaneously (level of evidence, A) and that no difference was found between the groups, or the symptoms of depression were lower for women who conceived after treatment (20). In this study, the ART group showed milder depressive symptoms than the spontaneous group. This situation was interpreted by Harf-Kashdaei and Kaitz (21) as “enjoying the success” achieved after a long struggle with ART. These results can also be explained by several factors such as the end of material and spiritual exhaustion, disappearance of social pressure, or end of a difficult treatment period.
In the comparison of total PSEQ scores, the spontaneous group demonstrated better adaptation than did the ART group during the first trimester. Women who conceived with moral and material difficulties may find it difficult to believe the pregnancy, so they may find themselves having constant repetitive pregnancy tests, ultrasound imaging, and examinations (19). This finding will inevitably contribute to the literature.
In the evidence-based guideline published by the ESHRE, women who conceived through IVF/ICSI were reported to have no worse depression symptoms compared with women who conceived spontaneously (Level of evidence, A) and that no difference was found between the groups, or the symptoms of depression were lower for women who conceived after treatment (20). In this study, the ART group showed milder depressive symptoms than the spontaneous group. This situation was interpreted by Harf-Kashdaei and Kaitz (21) as “enjoying the success” achieved after a long struggle with ART (21). These results can also be explained by several factors such as the end of material and spiritual exhaustion, disappearance of social pressure, or end of a difficult treatment period.
Study Limitations
In the present study, the anxiety levels of the ART group are higher than those of the spontaneous group. This result is in line with the literature. In a comparative study, Baor and Soskolne (22) revealed that the ART group had higher stress levels than the spontaneous group. Similar results were also reported by Darwiche et al. (23) who compared pre-pregnancies before Down syndrome screening in the first trimester. Similarly, in the present study, the stress levels of the ART group were higher than those of the spontaneous group.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that pregnancy adaptations of the spontaneous group are better than those of the ART group in the first trimester. Moreover, the anxiety and stress levels of the ART group were higher than those of the spontaneous group in the first and third trimesters. In line with these results, psychosocial support programs should be organized for women who conceived through ART in infertility clinics. In addition, routine pregnancy monitoring should cover the psychosocial evaluation of pregnant women, including adjustment, depression, anxiety, and stress. Further studies with a larger number of participants (women and their partners) will contribute to developing specific guidelines about psychosocial care. These guidelines will help nurses in providing psychosocial support to patients, which will eventually improve the quality of care.
Ethics
Ethics Committee Approval: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Medipol University Faculty of Medicine (approval no: 108400987-292, date: 11.05.2015).
Peer-review: Externally peer reviewed.
Financial Disclosure: The author declared that this study received no financial support.