Introduction

New coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) was first seen in the city of Wuhan in Hubei State in China. According to the World Health Organization, a single-stranded RNA virus, named SARS-CoV-2, was identified as a pathogen in patients with unexplained pneumonia since December 2019 (1). This pandemic spread worldwide in a short amount of time. A study showed that the new coronavirus infects humans through an incubation period of 1-14 days (2). It was stated that the new coronavirus infections could trigger not only respiratory tract diseases but also inflammation, high fever, cough, acute respiratory tract infection, and dysfunction of internal organs leading to death. The new coronavirus is first attacked by mast cells found in the submucosa of the respiratory tract and nasal cavity that act as a protective barrier against microorganisms (2). In the early stages of COVID-19, the benefits of C-reactive protein (CRP) level measurements were revealed in a study. In the study, lung lesions and CRP levels were associated. A positive correlation was found between the diameter of lung lesions and CRP levels. Since there is no treatment for COVID-19 disease, research on biomarkers has been brought to the forefront (3). CRP and D-dimer were the prominent ones in the search for biomarkers. (CRP), which is referred to as an acute-phase reactant (APR), was first discovered in the sera of pneumococcal pneumonia patients (4). The increase of APR concentration due to inflammation and tissue damage was identified in the serum level (5,6). Undoubtedly, the increase of CRP in the serum a few hours after the inflammation led to it being one of the first biomarkers considered in COVID-19.

Another biomarker associated with COVID-19 sepsis is D-dimer, which is a product resulting from D-dimerfibrin destruction. It is the smallest protein fragment identified in blood when a blood clot is degraded (fibrinolysis). Its name derives from the two cross-linked D fragments of fibrin protein. D-dimer is a reliable test and has been preferred for patients with a suspected clotting disorder since the 1990s (7). D-dimer measurements and monitoring gained importance with the occurrence of sepsis-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients. Some clinicians eliminated this situation by using heparin to reduce the risk of the spread of intravascular clotting and venous thromboembolism (8). In our study, we investigated whether there was a relationship between CRP, D-dimer, and COVID-19. In addition, we considered age and gender factors. Our literature search showed that no other study had evaluated these four parameters at the same time. Our study will contribute to the more efficient use of CRP and D-dimer tests that are widely and routinely used in all healthcare institutions and will accelerate the process, enabling the early diagnosis of COVID-19.

Method

The patients’ information on gender and age were obtained from the Hospital Information Management System. The diagnoses of all the patients included in the study with COVID-19 were made based on the results of a real-time polymerase chain reaction and lung computed tomography. Twenty-four patients were admitted to emergency rooms, whereas 41 patients were admitted to the infectious disease department, and five were admitted to pediatric polyclinics (n=53 males and n=17 females). The mean ages of patients were 55.11±2.92 for males and 55.18±5.80 (± SEM) for females. Patient samples were collected by phlebotomists from venous blood. Biochemical tests were performed in the emergency labs using plasma samples for D-dimer and serum for CRP.

Statistical Analysis

For analyzing the data, SPSS v.21 (IBM, USA) was used. The patient findings did not show a normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test, p=0.000), so Spearman’s rho was used for correlation analyses, whereas the Mann-Whitney U test was used to identify the differences between genders. A significance level of p<0.05 was accepted. The study was approved by the Medical School Ethical Committee (ethical number: 050.01.04/106).

Biochemical Analyses

CRP Latex

Cold centrifuge procedures were performed at 5,000 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum. The device used in the study was a Beckman Coulter AU5800 Clinical Chemistry Fully Automatic System (The Fastest AU Analyzer Ever. Serial Number: 2016022598. Tokyo/Japonya). The accepted normal range for CRP was 0.00-5.00 mg/L.

Collinearity: The test was collinear in the concentration range of 0.2-480 mg/L for a normal application and the concentration range of 0.08-80 mg/L for a very sensitive application.

Sensitivity: The lowest levels that could be identified were 0.20 mg/L for normal and 0.05 mg/L for very sensitive. The lowest level that could be identified represents the lowest CRP level measured and distinguished from zero. The standard deviation was calculated as the absolute mean of 20 repetitions of a sample that does not contain analytes plus three.

Accuracy: Accuracy was obtained using three serum pools analyzed over 20 days for CRP (Latex) normal and high-level sensitive tests. The cofficient of variation % value in the study was found to be very sensitive, with a total of 3.48.

D-dimer

Measurements were performed using the fragmental improved immunoturbidimetric test. Normal values for D-dimer were accepted as 0-500 µg FEU/mL. A D-dimer test was performed using venous blood plasma. Plasma was obtained after centrifuging for 20 minutes at 3200 rpm and then run on the Diagon Coag XL (SN: 30115-03082015), which was followed by D-dimer measurements. All patient samples were run with the same lot numbers in the same Diagon XL coagulation device.

Measuring range: The test was developed to identify D-dimer concentrations between the measurement range of 0.22-8.0 µgFEU/mL. When the values were above this range, the samples were diluted.

Specificity: Dia-D-dimer is an immunological test unique for human D-dimer because of its antibodies. No interaction with rheumatoid factor up to 50 IU/mL was observed.

Cut-off value: The lowest identification threshold is 0.22 µg FEU/mL.

Results

The descriptive statistical findings for CRP (mg/L), D-dimer (µgFEU/mL), age (years), and gender are presented in Table 1. When differences were examined based on gender (Mann-Whitney U test), it was found that the CRP level was higher in male patients than female patients (p<0.05; Table 2). A positive correlation was identified between patient age and CRP (p=0.000) and D-dimer (p=0.028). It was observed that as age increases, both CRP and D-dimer findings increase.

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Discussion

On March 10, 2020, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic because of the widespread infection of the COVID-19. The first COVID-19 case in Turkey was seen on March 11, 2020. The late start compared with other countries was considered as a pleasant development. However, the speed at which the virus spread, particularly in the young population, was remarkable. Germany and South Korea are considered as the countries that fight COVID-19 the best because of early diagnosis. Our study emphasizes that using easy and practical tests for routine use by developing an algorithm for pre-diagnosis would result in a more successful fight against the virus in many countries.

In this study, we found that advanced age was effective in the prognosis of this disease. There is a limited number of studies in the literature because this virus is novel. Saghazadeh and Rezaei (18) found that the older population has a higher risk of catching COVID-19. In our study, 47.8% of the patients admitted to our hospital were in the 60 and older age group. Tolia et al. (9)  reported that most patients they received and diagnosed with COVID-19 were males.

Similarly, it was significant that 53 of the diagnosed patients with COVID-19 were males in this study (9). In a study conducted with 140 COVID-19 patients in China, the distribution of the two genders was found to be equal. In contrast, another study conducted on critical patients showed that women were affected by COVID-19 67% more than men (10). A recent report stated that 58% of the 1,099 patients with COVID-19 in 552 hospitals in 30 cities in China were males (11). These data show that COVID-19 may show gender tendency and that men are more prone to be affected. This gender tendency may be due to men’s high levels of smoking compared with women in China (in 2018, the number of smokers was 288 million for men and 12.6 million for women). In the current study, we could not obtain data on patients’ smoking habits, but we believe that smoking may be a factor in the density of the male population.

In the current study, we examined the CRP and D-dimer parameters by gender and age. No other studies in the literature with the patient population of our study examines gender/age factors. Mi et al. (12) examined  CRP and D-dimer values in patients in their 40s who were diagnosed with COVID-19. Their findings showed high levels of CRP and D-dimer in all patients (12). Similarly, Chen et al. (13) found that CRP and D-dimer values were high in their study, consisting of 21 (17 male and four female) patients diagnosed with COVID-19. The low number of patients in these two studies prevents making a general evaluation. Our study, which consists of more patients with COVID-19, supports the high levels of C-reactive and D-dimer in COVID-19 patients. According to the findings of a study conducted by Wang (3), CRP may positively correlate with lung lesions in the early diagnosis of COVID-19 and reflect the severity of the disease. In addition to the similar findings we obtained in our study, a relationship between an increase in CRP mainly and gender and age was found. Tang et al. (14) evaluated the D-dimer test parameter in identifying low molecule weight heparin effectiveness in their study. Their results showed that the 28-day mortality of heparin users was lower than those who did not use heparin. They also found high D-dimer levels in COVID-19 patients. However, in our study, we evaluated CRP and D-dimer together. Yu and Yang (15) conducted a study on COVID-19 cases and found that a significant number in society continue to live asymptomatically. According to them, this puts the whole society at risk. The data in our study clearly showed the relationship between CRP and D-dimer tests and COVID-19.

If the two tests used in our study are used for screening purposes, it is possible to identify cases early. Furthermore, the examination of four parameters simultaneously is unique. Not having easy access to COVID-19 tests and definitive diagnosis kits being time-consuming leads to the question, “Can a new algorithm be developed by evaluating CRP, D-dimer, age, and gender?” CRP and D-dimer tests are practical tests being used routinely in all healthcare institutions. Evaluation of these two tests with age and gender can accelerate the path to early diagnosis of the disease and contribute positively to the fight against COVID-19.

Conclusion

A relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic due to new coronavirus and age and gender was found. Particularly in elderly male patients, it is possible to use CRP and D-dimer monitoring as biomarkers of inflammation. The low mortality rate in those with high disease resistance highlights the need to examine patients’ lifestyles who are affected by this disease. Germany and South Korea are the two countries that receive attention for their successful handling of COVID-19. Since these two countries are test manufacturers led to the early diagnosis and isolation of more people. The speed of disease spread was significantly below the world average. Other countries may not have tests that provide comprehensive and fast results for a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. However, they have CRP and D-dimer options that are easily accessible, practical, and routinely used. We recommend developing a new algorithm for testing CRP and D-dimer in individuals regardless of age and gender. People with high results on the test would be isolated fast as “suspected cases” to reduce the spreading speed of COVID-19.

Ethics

Ethics Committee Approval: The study was approved by the Medical School Ethical Committee (ethical number: 050.01.04/106).

Informed Consent: Retrospective study.

Peer-review: Externally peer reviewed.

Authorship Contributions

Concept: H.Y., Design: H.Y., Data Collection or Processing: M.Ö., Analysis or Interpretation: H.Y., M.Ö., Y.K., Literature Search: Y.K., Writing: H.Y., Y.K., M.Ö.

Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Financial Disclosure: This work was supported by Gilead Sciences.